Eliminacion urinaria de ioduro en estudiantes universitarios de Buenos Aires / Urinary Iodine Excretion in University Students from Buenos Aires / Eliminação urinária de iodeto em estudantes universitários de Buenos Aires

La Ley Argentina 17.259 (promulgada en 1967), sobre el enriquecimiento con iodo de la sal de consumo humano, evidenció su eficiencia como profilaxis del bocio endémico. Sin embargo, el recrudecimiento de trastornos tiroideos se ha atribuido al incumplimiento de la legislación. Objetivo: Evaluar la eliminación urinaria de ioduro en un grupo de estudiantes de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, entre los años 2006 y 2011. Metodología: Se estudiaron 67 mujeres y 18 varones, cuyas características (promedio ± DE y rango) fueron, respectivamente: edad (años): 23,1 ± 2,4 (21 – 30) y 24,6 ± 4,4 (21 – 36); IMC (kg/m2): 21,5 ± 4,7 (17,4-34,1) y 22,8±1,9 (19,5-25.0). Se recolectaron muestras de orina de 12 hs determinando: ioduria (método cinético, modificado por Pino S, 1996) y creatinina (método de Jaffé). Los resultados se expresaron como ioduria (μg/L) y como iodo/creatinina (μg/g). Resultados: Los valores promedio ± DE (rango) fueron: mujeres y varones, respectivamente:iodo/creatinina(μg/g): 245 ± 268 (3 -1352); 106 ± 48 (43 - 235); ioduria (μg/L): 171 ± 97 (18 - 431) y 144 ± 57 (27 - 279). La adecuación según los valores de iodo/creatinina (μg/g) fue para mujeres y varones, respectivamente, de 18 % y 50%; la deficiencia moderada-severa: 11% y 6%; y los valores elevados de 71 % y 44 %. Según la ioduria (μg/L), la adecuación fue del 36% y 69%; la deficiencia del 30% y 19%; y los valores elevados y/o riesgo de efectos adversos: 35% y 22%, respectivamente en todos los casos. Conclusión: Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de controlar los niveles de iodación teniendo en cuenta el consumo de sal para evitar tanto la deficiencia como los efectos adversos del exceso, ampliando los estudios de estado nutricional respecto del iodo.

To evaluate urinary iodine excretion in a group of students attending Buenos Aires University, between years 2006 and 2011.Methods: the characteristics of the students were (mean± SD and range): females (n=67): age (ys), 23,1± 2.4 (21 –30); BMI (kg/m2): 21.5±4.7 (17.4–34.1); males (n=18): age(ys): 24.6±4.4 (21–36); BMI (kg/m2): 22.8±1.9 (19.5–25.0). Urinary samples were collected between 8 pm and 8 am;iodine (kinetic method modified by Pino S, 1996) and creatinine (Jaffé method) were determined. Results were expressed as iodine (μg/L) and iodine/creatinine ratio(μg/g).Results: mean ± SD and range were: iodine/creatinineratio (μg/g): females: 245±268 (3–1352); males: 106±48(43–235); iodine (μg/L): 171±97 (18–431) and 144±57(27–279). Distribution of the population according to the international criteria showed iodine/creatinine (μg/g) infemales and males, respectively: adequacy: 18 % and50%; deficiency: 11% and 6%; high values: 71 % and 44%. According to urinary iodine (μg/L): adequacy: 36%and 69%; deficiency 30% and 19%; high values or adverse effects risk: 35% y 22%.Conclusions: these results show a great variability in the iodine nutritional status in this group of healthy adults.Therefore, it would be advisable to control the iodine content of the commercial salts taking into account the Argentine legislation and the claims regarding there commendations of lowering salt consumption in orderto avoid iodine deficiency and the risk of adverse events.

A Lei Argentina 17.259 (promulgada em 1967), sobre o enriquecimento com iodo do sal de consumo humano,evidenciou sua eficiência como profilaxia do bócio endêmico. Objetivo: Avaliar a eliminação urinária de iodeto em um grupo de estudantes da Universidade de Buenos Aires,entre os anos 2006 e 2011. Metodologia: Foram estudados 67 mulheres e 18 homens, cujas características (em média ± DE e faixa) foram, respectivamente idade (anos): 23,1 ± 2,4 (21 – 30)e 24,6 ± 4,4 (21 – 36); IMC (kg/m2): 21,5 ± 4,7 (17,4-34,1) e 22,8±1,9 (19,5-25.0).Foram coletadas amostras de urina de 15h determinando: iodúria (método cinético,modificado por Pino S, 1996) e creatinina (método deJaffé). Os resultados foram expressos como iodúria(μg/L) e como iodo/creatinina (μg/g). Resultados: Os valores médios ± DE (faixa) foram: mulheres e homens, respectivamente: iodo/creatinina (μg/g): 245± 268 (3 -1352); 106 ± 48 (43 - 235); iodúria (μg/L): 171 ± 97 (18 - 431) e 144 ± 57 (27 – 279). A adequação segundo os valores de iodo/creatinina (μg/g) foi para mulheres e homens, respectivamente, de 18% e 50%; a deficiência moderada-severa: 11% e 6%; e os valores elevados de 71% e 44%. De acordo com a iodúria (μg/L), a adequação foi de 36% e 69%; a deficiência de 30% e 10%; e os valores elevados e/ou risco de efeitos adversos: 35% e 22%, respectivamente em todos os casos.Conclusão: Estes resultados mostram a necessidade de controlar os níveis de iodação tendo em conta o consumode sal para evitar tanto a deficiência quanto os efeitos adversos do excesso, ampliando os estudos de estado nutricional em relação ao iodo.

Effect of excess iodide on the structure of the thyroid gland of prepubertal male albino rats: a histological and immunohistochemical study

Excessive iodine intake is emerging as a new healthcare-related concern. Excess iodine is associated with a spectrum of effects on the thyroid. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of excess potassium iodide [KI] on the histological and immunohistochemical structure of the thyroid gland and evaluate the biochemical changes in thyroid hormones. Forty prepubertal male albino rats aged between 4 and 6 weeks were classified into two equal groups: group 1 [the control group], which was given distilled water, and group 2 [the KI-treated group], which was further subdivided into two equal subgroups. Subgroup 1a was given 0.1 mg KI/kg/day for 4 successive weeks and subgroup 1b was given 0.1 mg KI/kg/day for 8 successive weeks. At the end of the period, the animals were anesthetized and blood samples were collected for measurement of serum T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Thyroid glands were dissected out and processed for examination using light and electron microscopes. For light microscopic examination, the sections were stained with H and E and immunohistochemical analysis was carried out for localization of Fas. H and E-stained sections of the KI-treated subgroups showed highly significantly enlarged follicular cavities that were distended with vacuolated colloid. Most of the follicles were lined with flattened follicular cells with flattened nuclei. Follicular epithelial height was highly significantly decreased. Ultrastructurally, follicular cells showed dilatation of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial swelling, many electron-lucent zones, and collagen fibers in the interstitial spaces. Also, most of the nuclei were heterochromatic. Immunohistochemically, there was a highly significant increase in staining for Fas in the follicular cells of the treated subgroups. Biochemical assessment detected a nonsignificant decrease in T3 and T4 and a highly significant increase in the thyroid-stimulating hormone levels of the treated group. Excessive iodine intake affects thyroid structure and function. Hence, public iodine intake should be regulated to make sure that it is within optimal levels. Proper monitoring of the salt iodization program is essential. Also, drugs with high iodine content should be administered with caution

Colangiografía retrograda endoscópica (CPRE) con gadolinio en pacientes con alergia a medios de contraste iodado / Retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) with gadolinium in patients with allergic reactions to iodinated contrast MEDIUM

La reacción alérgica grave al contraste iodado durante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es un evento poco frecuente. En pacientes con antecedentes claros de reacción anafiláctica durante otros exámenes radiológicos, el uso de mismo producto para CPRE representa un riesgo elevado. En nuestro centro, usamos Gadolinio® como medio de contraste para CPRE en 3 pacientes quienes previamente presentaron anafilaxia severa al medio de contraste iodado con requerimiento demaniobras de reanimación. La indicación de CPRE fue coledocolitiasis en dos de ellos, mientras el tercer paciente tuvo siete episodios de pancreatitis aguda sin poder precisar la etiología. El Gadolinio® fue inyectado en todos los pacientes en el colédoco, realizando pancreatografía sólo en uno de ellos. El contraste permitió localizar y posteriormente extraer el cálculo en los dos pacientes. En el tercer caso la pancreatografía contribuyó en el diagnóstico de una anomalía congénita atípica del páncreas, un páncreas anular incompleto, comprobado también con otros métodos diagnósticos. No se observó ningún efecto adverso, se encontró amilasa normal en el suero en todos los casos después del procedimiento. Recomendamos el uso de Gadolinio® como alternativa para CPRE con esta indicación poco frecuente, siendo seguro y permitiendo una calidad aceptable de imágenes radiológicas.

Severe allergic reactions to contrast media in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a rare event. However, in patients with a severe anaphylactic reactions in medical history, the injection of a similar product into the bile-pancreatic ducts can represent a high risk. In our Center, Gadolinium was used for ERCP in 3 patients with previous severe anaphylactic reaction to iodinated contrast medium that required reanimation manoeuvres in an intensive care unit. ERCP was necessary in two of them for choledocholithiasis and for seven bouts of recurrent pancreatitis in the third case. Gadolinium was injected in the common bile duct in the three patients, while pancreatography was performed in only one of them. Thanks to the images obtained, we could localize and retrieve the bile-duct stone in both patients. In the third case, the pancreatography contributed in the diagnosis of an atypical congenital abnormality of pancreas, an incomplete annular pancreas, which was confirmed by other methods. We did not observe any adverse effect of Gadolinium, even the amilasemia remained normal after the ERCP in the three cases. On the base of our experiences, we recommend the Gadolinium as an alternative contrast medium for ERCP with this rare indication, being safe and allowing an acceptable quality of radiological images.